Financial Statements

A set of financial statements is a structured representation of the financial performance and financial position of a business and how its financial position changed over time. It is the ultimate output of an accounting information system and has following six components:

1. Income Statement
2. Balance Sheet
3. Statement of Cash Flows
4. Statement of Changes in Equity
5. Accounting Policies and Notes

Financial statements are better understood in context of all other components of the financial statements. For example a balance sheet will communicate more information if we have the related income statement and the statement of cash flows too.

Following the time-period principle, financial statements are prepared after a specified period; say a quarter, year, etc.

Interim Financial Statements

Quarterly and semiannual financial statements are called interim financial statements and are normally prepared in a condensed form. It means that the disclosures required in them are far less than those required in annual financial statements. Quarterly financial statements are normally unaudited but semiannual reports need to be at least reviewed by an auditor who is a qualified professional accountant authorized to attest the authenticity of financial statements.

Annual Financial Statements

Financial statements prepared for a period of one year are called annual financial statements and are required to be audited by an auditor (a chartered accountant or a certified public accountant). Annual financial statements are normally published in an annual report which also includes a directors' report (also called management discussion and analysis) and an overview of the company, its operations and past performance.

Income Statement

Income statement communicates the company's financial performance over the period while a balance sheet communicates the company's financial position at a point of time. The statement of cash flows and the statement of changes in equity tells us about how the financial position changed over the period. Disclosure notes to financial statements cover such material information which is not appropriate to be communicated on the face of the main financial statements.

The income statement is an important component of a set of financial statements. It measures the performance of a business during an accounting period by calculating one or more of the following:

1. Gross Profit
2. Operating Income
3. Net Income
4. Earnings per Share (EPS)

There are four basic elements of a typical income statement. These are:

Revenues: Revenues are the earnings from usual business activities. In most cases, revenues are earned from sales of goods and services.

Gains: Gains are the enhancements in the assets or the reductions in liabilities caused by activities outside the usual course of business and which are eligible to be recorded according to acceptable accounting practices.

Expenses: Expenses include consumption of assets or the creation of liability against the business in the course of normal business activities.

Losses: Losses are the reductions in assets or the enhancements in liabilities caused by activities other than those in the main course of business.

Income statement can be prepared in either of two formats namely single-step income statement and multi-step income statement. The following example shows a simple single-step income statement. It has been prepared from the adjusted trial balance of Company A.

Company A Income Statement For the year ended 2010, Dec 31

Particulars         Tk          Tk Sales Less: Expenses: Wages Expense Supplies Expense Rent Expense Miscellaneous Expense Electricity Expense Telephone Expense Depreciation Expense Interest Expense Total Expenses Net Income 38,200 18,480 12,000 3,470 2,470 1,494 1,100 150 85,600 (77,364) 8,236

There are certain incomes and expenses which are not reported on income statement but are credited or debited directly to equity, for example, the gain or loss on revaluation of fixed assets, unrealized gains on investments, foreign currency gains and losses, etc. A statement of comprehensive income includes all these debits and credits to equity besides the contents of a normal income statement.

Balance Sheet

A balance sheet also known as the statement of financial position tells about the assets, liabilities and equity of a business at a specific point of time. It is a snapshot of a business.

A balance sheet is an extended form of the accounting equation. An accounting equation is:

Assets = Liabilities + Equity

Assets are the resources controlled by a business, equity is the obligation of the company to its owners and liabilities are the obligations of parties other than owners.

A balance sheet is named so because it lists all resources owned by the company and shows that it is equal to the sum of all liabilities and the equity balance.

A balance sheet has two formats: account form and report form.

An account form balance sheet is just like a T-account listing assets on the debit side and equity and liabilities on the right hand side. A report form balance sheet lists assets followed by liabilities and equity in vertical format.

The following example shows a simple balance sheet based on the post-closing trial balance of Company A.

Company A

Balance Sheet

As on December January 31, 2011

Particulars	TK	TK
Assets: Current Assets:  Cash Accounts Receivable Office Supplies Prepaid Rent Total Current Assets Non-Current Assets: Equipment Less: Accumulated Depreciation Total Assets Liabilities & Equity: Liabilities: Accounts Payable Utilities Payable Unearned Revenue Interest Payable Notes Payable Total Liabilities Equity: Common Stock Retained Earnings Total Liabilities & Equity	20,430       5,900       4,320     24,000 80,000 (1,100) 5,200 3,964 1,000   150 20,000	54,650     78,900
		1,33,550      30,314 1,00,000 3,236
		1,33,550

Statement of Cash Flows

The statement of cash flows is prepared to measure the cash in-flows and cash out-flows from the operating, investing and financing activities of a business during a period. It is a summary of all the transactions that affect cash. It shows how the cash moved during the period. The term cash as used in the statement of cash flows refers to both cash and cash equivalents. Cash flow statement provides relevant information in assessing a company's liquidity, quality of earnings and solvency.

A Statement of Cash Flows comprises of three sections:

1. Cash Flows from Operating Activities

This section includes cash flows from the principal revenue generation activities such as sale and purchase of goods and services. Cash flows from operating activities can be computed by two methods. One is the Direct Method and the other Indirect Method.

2. Cash Flows from Investing Activities

Cash flows from investing activities are in-flows and out-flows related to activities that are intended to generate income and cash flows in future. This includes cash in-flows and out-flows from sale and purchase of long-term assets.

3. Cash Flows from Financing Activities

Cash flows from financing activities are the cash flows related to transactions with stockholders and creditor such is issuance of share capital, purchase of treasury stock, dividend payments etc.

Following is a cash flow statement prepared using indirect method: Company A, Inc.

Cash Flow Statement

For the Year Ended Dec 31, 2010

 

Cash Flows from Operating Activities: Operating Income (EBIT) Depreciation Expense Loss on Sale of Equipment Gain on Sale of Land Increase in Accounts Receivable Decrease in Prepaid Expenses Decrease in Accounts Payable Decrease in Accrued Expenses Net Cash Flow from Operating Activities Cash Flows from Investing Activities: Sale of Equipment Sale of Land Purchase of Equipment Net Cash Flow from Investing Activities Cash flows from Financing Activities: Payment of Dividends Payment of Bond Payable Net Cash Flow from Financing Activities Net Change in Cash Beginning Cash Balance Ending Cash Balance TK 4,89,000 1,12,400 7,300 (51,000) (84,664) 8,000 (97,370) (1,13,860) 89,000 2,47,000 (1,00,000) (90,000) (2,00,000) TK 2,69,806 1,36,000 (2,90,000) 1,15,806 3,19,730 4,35,536

Statement of Changes in Equity

A statement of changes in equity summarizes the movement in the equity accounts during the year namely share capital, share premium, retained earnings, revaluation surplus, unrealized gains on investments, etc.

A statement of changes in equity is an important component of financial statements since it explains the composition of equity and how has it changed over the year. Typical information we can get from a statement of changes in equity include:

1. The amount of new share capital issued
2. The amount of dividend paid during the year to shareholders
3. The amount by which PPE is valued up or valued down
4. The amount of net income earned during the year
5. The amount of net income retained during the year
6. Any movement in the unrealized loss or gain reserve and reserve for changes in foreign exchange gain or loss, etc.

Accounting Policies and Notes

Notes to the financial statement present all such information which cannot be presented on the face of income statement, balance sheet, statement of cash flows and statement of changes in equity.

Typical notes to the financial statement are:

1. An introduction of the business outlining its legal status, its country of incorporation and the name of its parents if any and a statement about the company's areas of business and its operations.
2. A summary of accounting policies related to revenue recognition, inventories, property, plant and equipment, financial instruments, etc.
3. A schedule of property plant and equipment showing the addition and deletion of assets, related movement in the accumulated depreciation account and book value.
4. A breakup of cost of sales, selling expenses and administrative expenses.
5. A detailed disclosure of different classes of financial instruments and their related risks.
6. A breakup of the gross amounts and present values of lease obligations of the business.
7. A detail of transactions with related parties.
8. A detail of contingencies that may affect the business in future, for example legal proceedings against the business.
9. A description of major events that occurred after the balance sheet date, etc.